Xenograft models, also known as heterotransplantation models, are widely used in cancer research to study the biology of tumors and test the efficacy of new cancer therapies. In a xenograft model, human cancer cells or tissues are transplanted into an animal host, typically a mouse, to create a tumor that can be studied in vivo.…

A clinical study is a research study in which people volunteer to participate. The purpose of a clinical study is to answer specific questions about new therapies or new ways of using known treatments. Clinical studies are the main way that doctors find out if a new medical approach is safe and effective. The main…

Non-clinical studies are those that are conducted outside of a healthcare setting, such as in a laboratory. They are an important part of the drug development process, providing information on how a new drug behaves in the body and how it is metabolized. Non-clinical studies are also important for safety testing. Benefits of non-clinical studies:…

Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited and passed down from one generation to the next. It encompasses the study of genes, their function, and how they interact with one another and with the environment to shape an organism’s characteristics. The field of genetics has undergone tremendous advances in recent years, driven by…

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of the four chemical building blocks, or nucleotides, that make up an individual’s DNA. This technology has revolutionized the field of genetics, allowing researchers to explore the genetic basis of many diseases and to develop new therapies and treatments. The first DNA sequencing methods were…

Genome editing is a powerful technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to an organism’s DNA. This technology has the potential to revolutionize fields such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology by allowing for the creation of organisms with specific desirable traits. The most widely used genome editing tool is called CRISPR-Cas9. This system relies…

Immunology is the study of the immune system and its interactions with pathogens, foreign substances, and abnormal cells. The immune system plays a critical role in protecting the body from infection and disease, and immunology has contributed to numerous advances in medicine, including the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. The immune system is made up…

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. This field plays an essential role in public health, informing decisions about prevention and control measures for a wide range of health conditions. Epidemiologists use a variety of methods to study patterns of disease occurrence and transmission. These methods include…

Transfection is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into cells to study the function and regulation of genes. This technique is widely used in small animal research to understand gene function, develop therapies, and create genetically modified organisms. There are various methods available for transfecting small animals, each with…

Lipid-based transfection reagents are one of the most popular and widely used methods for introducing foreign genetic material into cells. They are composed of cationic lipids, which have a positively charged head group and a hydrophobic tail, allowing them to interact with the negatively charged genetic material (e.g., DNA or RNA) and the cell membrane.…