What is toxicology? Toxicology also called the science of poisons, is a branch of science, medicine, and biology that studies adverse effects that occur in living organisms and the environment due to chemicals, substances (including environmental agents and chemical compounds found in nature, as well as pharmaceutical compounds that are synthesized for medical use by…

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with the body. It is a broad field that encompasses the discovery, development, and use of drugs for therapeutic purposes. Pharmacologists study the effects of drugs on the body and the ways in which they can be used to treat or prevent disease. One of the…

Cancer research is the study of the biology, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that can arise from any tissue in the body and can affect individuals of all ages. According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, with an estimated 9.6…

Xenograft models have become an important tool in biomedical research, particularly in cancer research, allowing scientists to study the biology of human tumors in vivo. A xenograft model involves the transplantation of human tumor cells or tissue into an immunodeficient mouse, allowing the tumor to grow and be studied in a living organism. The history…

Xenograft models, also known as heterotransplantation models, are widely used in cancer research to study the biology of tumors and test the efficacy of new cancer therapies. In a xenograft model, human cancer cells or tissues are transplanted into an animal host, typically a mouse, to create a tumor that can be studied in vivo.…

In vitro and in vivo studies are two fundamental approaches used in biological research to investigate the effects of various factors on living organisms. While both methods are critical for advancing our understanding of biological processes, they differ in important ways. In vitro studies, also known as “test-tube” studies, are conducted in a laboratory setting…

Non-clinical studies are those that are conducted outside of a healthcare setting, such as in a laboratory. They are an important part of the drug development process, providing information on how a new drug behaves in the body and how it is metabolized. Non-clinical studies are also important for safety testing. Benefits of non-clinical studies:…

A clinical study is a research study in which people volunteer to participate. The purpose of a clinical study is to answer specific questions about new therapies or new ways of using known treatments. Clinical studies are the main way that doctors find out if a new medical approach is safe and effective. The main…

Animals have been used in scientific research for centuries, with a wide range of species being used to study various aspects of biology, physiology, and disease. Animal research has played a critical role in advancing our understanding of the human body and in the development of new medical treatments. One of the primary reasons animals…

Cell lines are populations of cells that are cultured in vitro and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely. They are an essential tool in many areas of research, including cancer biology, drug discovery, and tissue engineering. Cell lines are commonly used in experiments as they are a reliable and cost-effective alternative to using…